Regressões em análise: contribuições de Ferenczi e Balint para a técnica psicanalítica / Regressions in psychoanalysis: Ferenczi's and Balint's contributions to the psychoanalytic technique / Regresiones en análisis: contribuciones de Ferenczi y Balint a la técnica psicoanalítica

Na clínica psicanalítica contemporânea temos nos defrontado, cada vez mais, com impasses técnicos que nos exigem repensar a teoria sobre a técnica psicanalítica. Essa revisão teórica se justifica a partir de uma maior incidência de quadros clínicos cujo dinamismo psíquico não se encontra balizado hegemonicamente pela lógica do recalque, mas pela predominância de outros mecanismos defensivos, como a clivagem/splitting do eu, e formas de expressão não verbais como passagens ao ato e acting outs. Diante da necessidade de reconfigurar alguns parâmetros da técnica psicanalítica, delimitamos como objetivo deste artigo a investigação do tema do manejo clínico das regressões em análise a partir das contribuições teórico-clínicas de Sándor Ferenczi e de seus desdobramentos e avanços propostos Michael Balint. Assim, pretendemos extrair das modificações no dispositivo analítico propostas por esses autores, elementos que nos ajudem a pensar o manejo clínico com pacientes cujo sofrimento remete às falhas traumáticas dos primórdios da constituição subjetiva.

In contemporary psychoanalytic clinic we have faced increasingly technical deadlocks that require to rethink the psychoanalytic technique theory. This situation requires a revision of psychoanalysis technical theory. This theoretical revision is justified by a higher incidence of clinical conditions whose psychic dynamic is not hegemonic marked by the logic of repression, but the predominance of other defensive mechanisms, e.g. splitting, and non-verbal forms of expression such as acting out. Given the need to reconfigure some parameters of the psychoanalytic technique, we set as the objective of this article the investigation of clinical management of regressions under analysis from the theoretical and clinical contributions of Sándor Ferenczi and from developments and advances by Michael Balint. Therefore, from the changes proposed by these authors, we will attempt to extract elements that will help us think different clinical management of patients whose suffering refers to traumatic failures in the early stages of development, in an analytical setting.

En la clínica psicoanalítica contemporánea nos hemos enfrentado, cada vez más, con impases técnicos que nos obligan a repensar la teoría sobre la técnica psicoanalítica. Esta revisión teórica se justifica por una mayor incidencia de cuadros clínicos cuyo dinamismo psíquico no responde a la lógica de la represión, sino por el predominio de otros mecanismos defensivos, como el clivaje / escisión del yo, y formas de expresión no verbal como pasajes al acto y "acting outs". Ante la necesidad de reconfigurar algunos parámetros de la técnica psicoanalítica, el objetivo de este artículo es delinear la investigación del tema del manejo clínico de las regresiones en análisis, a partir de las contribuciones teórico-clínicas de Sándor Ferenczi y sus desdoblamientos y avances en la teoría de Michael Balint. Así, pretendemos extraer, de las modificaciones en el dispositivo analítico propuestas por esos autores, elementos que nos ayuden a pensar sobre el manejo clínico con pacientes cuyo sufrimiento remite a los fracasos traumáticas de los primordios de la constitución subjetiva.

Desarrollo de un procedimiento estructurado de observación clínica de la modulación táctil y desempeño de dos muestras clínicas de niños con y sin defensividad táctil / Development of an estructured procedure of clinical observations of the sensory modulation and the performance of two clinical samples of children with and without tactile defensiveness

La defensividad táctil es una de las disfunciones de integración sensorial que fueron tempranamente descritas por Jean Ayres (Lane, 2020). Sin embargo, para su diagnóstico se carece de instrumentos de evaluación basados en la observación del desempeño del niño, y en cambio, se suele utilizar casi exclusivamente el reporte de los padres por medio de cuestionarios sensoriales. Basado en diversos fundamentos teóricos se diseñó un procedimiento estructurado de observación clínica de la modulación táctil, compuesto por dos juegos con exposición a estímulos táctiles, el cual fue aplicado en contexto de práctica clínica privada, registrándose sus observaciones textualmente en fichas clínicas. El objetivo de esta investigación es describir los signos de defensividad táctil que pueden ser detectados con este procedimiento. Por medio de una pauta de análisis de 29 ítems de respuesta dicotómica, se examinaron retrospectivamente 83 fichas, de una población clínica de niños con y sin defensividad táctil, de 2 a 11 años de edad. Se comparó los resultados de una muestra de niños con defensividad táctil con otra de niños sin defensividad táctil, por medio de estadística descriptiva y pruebas no paramétricas. El desempeño de niños con defensividad táctil estadísticamente difiere de manera significativa del de niños sin defensividad táctil en el procedimiento de observación estudiado. Además, este instrumento puede contribuir con el proceso diagnóstico de defensividad táctil, por medio de la contabilización de indicadores para sugerir el diagnóstico, o de la identificación específica de algunos de ellos que serían más relevantes.

Tactile defensiveness is one of the first sensory integration dysfunctions described by Jean Ayres. However, for the diagnosis, evaluation procedures based on the observation of the child's performance are lacking, and instead, parents' reports are usually used almost exclusively. Based on several theoretical foundations, a structured procedure of clinical observations of tactile modulation was designed, consisting of two games that expose children to tactile stimuli. The observation was applied in a private clinic, using recording used for the purpose of documentation in clinical records. The objective of this research is to describe the tactile defensiveness signs that may be detected with this procedure. Through a guideline with 29 items of dichotomous response, 83 clinical records were retrospectively examined, from a clinical population of children with and without tactile defensiveness, aged 2 to 11 years. The results of a sample of children with tactile defensiveness were compared with another one of children without tactile defensiveness, through descriptive statistics and non-parametric tests. The performance of children with tactile defensiveness are significantly different from children without tactile defensiveness. In addition, this instrument can contribute to the diagnostic process of tactile defensiveness, through the analysis of indicators that suggest the diagnosis, or the specific identification of relevant signs of tactile defensiveness.

Help or flight? Increased threat imminence promotes defensive helping in humans.

In humans and other mammals, defensive responses to danger vary with threat imminence, but it is unknown how those responses affect decisions to help conspecifics. Here, we manipulated threat imminence to investigate the impact of different defensive states on human helping behaviour. Ninety-eight healthy adult participants made trial-by-trial decisions about whether to help a co-participant avoid an aversive shock, at the risk of receiving a shock themselves. Helping decisions were prompted under imminent or distal threat, based on temporal distance to the moment of shock administration to the co-participant. Results showed that, regardless of how likely participants were to also receive a shock, they helped the co-participant more under imminent than distal threat. Reaction times and cardiac changes during the task supported the efficacy of the threat imminence manipulation in eliciting dissociable defensive states, with faster responses and increased heart rate during imminent compared to distal threats. Individual differences in empathic concern were specifically correlated with helping during imminent threats. These results suggest that defensive states driving active escape from immediate danger may also facilitate decisions to help others, potentially by engaging neurocognitive systems implicated in caregiving across mammals.

Implicit Memory Associations and Gambling.

Associations that people report in response to words or phrases ('implicit associations') may provide information about their interest and engagement in certain activities that might not have been reported if they had been directed asked. The present study investigated the word and behavioural associations reported by 494 university undergraduates to words and phrases that could be construed as having gambling-related connotations. These reported associations were then related to each student's level of gambling involvement and his or her problem gambling status. Results showed there to be a significant positive relationship between the number of gambling-related memory associations and reported level of gambling involvement as well as problem gambling status. Behaviour associations tended to be stronger than word associations, suggesting that each type of association may tap into a different facet of associative memory. Associations with problem gambling status were also stronger than associations with level of gambling involvement. The results suggest that implicit associations may have utility in both the assessment of problem gambling as well as predicting future gambling involvement.

El yo ideal como contraparte del ideal del yo / The ideal ego as a counterpart of the ego ideal / Le moi idéal comme contrepartie de l'idéal du moi

Partiendo de la definición de ideal del yo que aparece en Introducción del narcisismo, el autor trata de dilucidar, en la línea de Grunberger, Lagache y otros autores, la diferenciación teórica entre ideal del yo y yo ideal, indistintamente utilizados por Freud en ese texto. Cree el autor que el yo ideal es una categoría claramente diferenciada del ideal del yo, ya que comporta una vinculación muy intensa con el narcisismo primario constituyente de la subjetividad, en el cual el sujeto se halla atado a un deseo sin merma, en la medida en que la castración del narcisismo fálico donde todo es posible, no se llevó a cabo suficientemente para poder constituir una adecuada relación con los ideales del yo que poseen una función estructurante y acorde con la renuncia a la completud narcisista. El ideal del superyó, introducido por Freud en 1932 a causa de su desmesura y su grandiosidad de imposible cumplimiento arrojan al yo a un vagar entre el deseo de poderlo todo y la frustración subsiguiente ante su imposibilidad

Beginning with the definition of the ego ideal that appears in Introduction to narcissism, the author, along the lines of Grunberger, Lagache and others, attempts to elucidate the theoretical differences between "ego ideal" and "ideal ego", which Freud here uses interchangeably. The author believes that the ideal ego is clearly distinct from the ego ideal, inasmuch as it involves a strong correlation with primary narcissism as constitutive of subjectivity, in which the subject is bound to an undiminished desire. Here the castration of phallic narcissism -where everything is possible- did not adequately take place so as to establish an appropriate relationship with the ego ideals, which possess a structuring function, and in keeping with the renunciation of narcissistic completeness. The superego ideal, introduced by Freud in 1932, through its excess and its impossible-to-satisfy grandiosity, causes the ego to wander between the desire to overpower all and the subsequent frustration at its impossibility

En partant de la définition d'idéal du moi qui apparait dans Pour introduire le Narcissisme, l'auteur essaye de d'élucider, en suivant Grunberger, Lagache et d' autres auteurs, la différentiation théorique entre idéal de moi et moi idéal, indifféremment utilisés par Freud dans ce texte. L'auteur croit que le moi idéal est une catégorie clairement différenciée de l'idéal du moi, parce qu'il comporte un lien tres intense avec le narcissisme primaire constitutif de la subjectivité, dans laquelle le sujet se trouve attaché a un désir illimité, dans la mesure ou la castration du narcissisme phallique ou tout est possible n'a pas eu suffisamment lieu pour pouvoir constituer une relation adéquate avec les idéaux du moi qui possedent une fonction structurante en accord avec le renoncement a la complétude narcissique. L'idéal du surmoi, introduit par Freud en 1932 a cause de sa démesure et sa grandeur a l' exécution impossible lancent le moi a un vagabondage entre le désir de toute-puissance et la frustration ultérieure face a son impossibilité

The unique associations between rape acknowledgment and the DSM-5 PTSD symptom clusters.

It is well documented in the sexual assault literature that more than half of rape survivors do not label their experience as rape. This is called unacknowledged rape. Although this phenomenon is common and undoubtedly has huge implications for psychotherapy, the impact of acknowledgment status on psychological adjustment is unclear. The present study aimed to delineate the unique impact of rape acknowledgment on psychopathology by examining PTSD symptoms at the cluster level. To examine this, 178 female college students who reported rape completed an online survey, including an assessment of PTSD symptoms in the past month. The results suggested that, after accounting for several covariates, acknowledged rape survivors reported significantly greater levels of intrusion and avoidance symptoms compared to unacknowledged rape survivors. The findings suggest that examining PTSD symptoms at the cluster level may provide more insight into the process of recovery following rape and therefore may better inform treatment decisions.

Tactile Defensiveness and Impaired Adaptation of Neuronal Activity in the Fmr1 Knock-Out Mouse Model of Autism.

Sensory hypersensitivity is a common symptom in autism spectrum disorders (ASDs), including fragile X syndrome (FXS), and frequently leads to tactile defensiveness. In mouse models of ASDs, there is mounting evidence of neuronal and circuit hyperexcitability in several brain regions, which could contribute to sensory hypersensitivity. However, it is not yet known whether or how sensory stimulation might trigger abnormal sensory processing at the circuit level or abnormal behavioral responses in ASD mouse models, especially during an early developmental time when experience-dependent plasticity shapes such circuits. Using a novel assay, we discovered exaggerated motor responses to whisker stimulation in young Fmr1 knock-out (KO) mice (postnatal days 14-16), a model of FXS. Adult Fmr1 KO mice actively avoided a stimulus that was innocuous to wild-type controls, a sign of tactile defensiveness. Using in vivo two-photon calcium imaging of layer 2/3 barrel cortex neurons expressing GCaMP6s, we found no differences between wild-type and Fmr1 KO mice in overall whisker-evoked activity, though 45% fewer neurons in young Fmr1 KO mice responded in a time-locked manner. Notably, we identified a pronounced deficit in neuronal adaptation to repetitive whisker stimulation in both young and adult Fmr1 KO mice. Thus, impaired adaptation in cortical sensory circuits is a potential cause of tactile defensiveness in autism.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT We use a novel paradigm of repetitive whisker stimulation and in vivo calcium imaging to assess tactile defensiveness and barrel cortex activity in young and adult Fmr1 knock-out mice, the mouse model of fragile X syndrome (FXS). We describe evidence of tactile defensiveness, as well as a lack of L2/3 neuronal adaptation in barrel cortex, during whisker stimulation. We propose that a defect in sensory adaptation within local neuronal networks, beginning at a young age and continuing into adulthood, likely contributes to sensory overreactivity in FXS and perhaps other ASDs.

Defensive reflexes in people with pain - a biomarker of the need to protect? A meta-analytical systematic review.

Upregulation of defensive reflexes such as the nociceptive flexion reflex (NFR) has been attributed to sensitisation of peripheral and spinal nociceptors and is often considered biomarkers of pain. Experimental modulation of defensive reflexes raises the possibility that they might be better conceptualised as markers of descending cognitive control. Despite strongly held views on both sides and several narrative reviews, there has been no attempt to evaluate the evidence in a systematic manner. We undertook a meta-analytical systematic review of the extant English-language literature from inception. Thirty-six studies satisfied our a priori criteria. Seventeen were included in the meta-analysis. Reflexive threshold was lower in people with clinical pain than it was in pain-free controls, but reflex size, latency, and duration were unaffected. The pattern of difference was not consistent with sensitisation of nociceptive neurones, as these changes were not isolated to the affected body part but was more consistent with top-down cognitive control reflective of heightened protection of body tissue. The pattern of modulation is dependent on potentially complex evaluative mechanisms. We offer recommendations for future investigations and suggest that defensive reflex threshold may reflect a biomarker of a broader psychological construct related to bodily protection, rather than sensitisation of primary nociceptors, spinal nociceptors, or pain.

A retinoraphe projection regulates serotonergic activity and looming-evoked defensive behaviour.

Animals promote their survival by avoiding rapidly approaching objects that indicate threats. In mice, looming-evoked defensive responses are triggered by the superior colliculus (SC) which receives direct retinal inputs. However, the specific neural circuits that begin in the retina and mediate this important behaviour remain unclear. Here we identify a subset of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) that controls mouse looming-evoked defensive responses through axonal collaterals to the dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN) and SC. Looming signals transmitted by DRN-projecting RGCs activate DRN GABAergic neurons that in turn inhibit serotoninergic neurons. Moreover, activation of DRN serotoninergic neurons reduces looming-evoked defensive behaviours. Thus, a dedicated population of RGCs signals rapidly approaching visual threats and their input to the DRN controls a serotonergic self-gating mechanism that regulates innate defensive responses. Our study provides new insights into how the DRN and SC work in concert to extract and translate visual threats into defensive behavioural responses.

Performance on the Defense Automated Neurobehavioral Assessment across controlled environmental conditions.

Neurocognitive assessment tools (NCAT) are commonly used to screen for changes in cognitive functioning following a mild traumatic brain injury and to assist with a return to duty decision. As such, it is critical to determine if performance on the Defense Automated Neurobehavioral Assessment (DANA) is adversely affected by operationally-relevant field environments. Differences in DANA performance between a thermoneutral environment and three simulated operationally-relevant field environments across the thermal stress continuum were calculated for 16 healthy U.S. Navy service members. Practice effects associated with brief test-retest intervals were calculated within each environmental condition. There were no significant differences between the simulated environmental conditions suggesting that performance on the DANA Brief is not impacted by thermal stress. Additionally, there were no significant differences in performance within each simulated environmental condition associated with repeated administrations.

An Introduction to Using the Method of Levels (MOL) Therapy to Work with People Experiencing Psychosis.

This paper provides a basic introduction to using method of levels (MOL) therapy with people experiencing psychosis. As MOL is a direct application of perceptual control theory (PCT), a brief overview of the three main theoretical principles of this theory--control, conflict, and reorganization will be outlined in relation to understanding psychosis. In particular, how these principles form the basis of problem conceptualisation and determine what an MOL therapist is required to do during therapy will be illustrated. A practical description of MOL will be given, using case examples and short excerpts of therapeutic interactions. Some direct contrasts will also be made with cognitive behaviour therapy for psychosis (CBTp) and psychodynamic approaches (PA) in order to help illustrate the theory and practice of MOL.

A geometric model of defensive peripersonal space.

Potentially harmful stimuli occurring within the defensive peripersonal space (DPPS), a protective area surrounding the body, elicit stronger defensive reactions. The spatial features of the DPPS are poorly defined and limited to descriptive estimates of its extent along a single dimension. Here we postulated a family of geometric models of the DPPS, to address two important questions with respect to its spatial features: What is its fine-grained topography? How does the nervous system represent the body area to be defended? As a measure of the DPPS, we used the strength of the defensive blink reflex elicited by electrical stimulation of the hand (hand-blink reflex, HBR), which is reliably modulated by the position of the stimulated hand in egocentric coordinates. We tested the goodness of fit of the postulated models to HBR data from six experiments in which we systematically explored the HBR modulation by hand position in both head-centered and body-centered coordinates. The best-fitting model indicated that 1) the nervous system's representation of the body area defended by the HBR can be approximated by a half-ellipsoid centered on the face and 2) the DPPS extending from this area has the shape of a bubble elongated along the vertical axis. Finally, the empirical observation that the HBR is modulated by hand position in head-centered coordinates indicates that the DPPS is anchored to the face. The modeling approach described in this article can be generalized to describe the spatial modulation of any defensive response.

Fear and the Defense Cascade: Clinical Implications and Management.

Evolution has endowed all humans with a continuum of innate, hard-wired, automatically activated defense behaviors, termed the defense cascade. Arousal is the first step in activating the defense cascade; flight or fight is an active defense response for dealing with threat; freezing is a flight-or-fight response put on hold; tonic immobility and collapsed immobility are responses of last resort to inescapable threat, when active defense responses have failed; and quiescent immobility is a state of quiescence that promotes rest and healing. Each of these defense reactions has a distinctive neural pattern mediated by a common neural pathway: activation and inhibition of particular functional components in the amygdala, hypothalamus, periaqueductal gray, and sympathetic and vagal nuclei. Unlike animals, which generally are able to restore their standard mode of functioning once the danger is past, humans often are not, and they may find themselves locked into the same, recurring pattern of response tied in with the original danger or trauma. Understanding the signature patterns of these innate responses--the particular components that combine to yield the given pattern of defense-is important for developing treatment interventions. Effective interventions aim to activate or deactivate one or more components of the signature neural pattern, thereby producing a shift in the neural pattern and, with it, in mind-body state. The process of shifting the neural pattern is the necessary first step in unlocking the patient's trauma response, in breaking the cycle of suffering, and in helping the patient to adapt to, and overcome, past trauma.

Rationalizing meat consumption. The 4Ns.

Recent theorizing suggests that the 4Ns - that is, the belief that eating meat is natural, normal, necessary, and nice - are common rationalizations people use to defend their choice of eating meat. However, such theorizing has yet to be subjected to empirical testing. Six studies were conducted on the 4Ns. Studies 1a and 1b demonstrated that the 4N classification captures the vast majority (83%-91%) of justifications people naturally offer in defense of eating meat. In Study 2, individuals who endorsed the 4Ns tended also to objectify (dementalize) animals and included fewer animals in their circle of moral concern, and this was true independent of social dominance orientation. Subsequent studies (Studies 3-5) showed that individuals who endorsed the 4Ns tend not to be motivated by ethical concerns when making food choices, are less involved in animal-welfare advocacy, less driven to restrict animal products from their diet, less proud of their animal-product decisions, tend to endorse Speciesist attitudes, tend to consume meat and animal products more frequently, and are highly committed to eating meat. Furthermore, omnivores who strongly endorsed the 4Ns tended to experience less guilt about their animal-product decisions, highlighting the guilt-alleviating function of the 4Ns.

Posterror speeding after threat-detection failure.

Cognitive control enables individuals to rapidly adapt to changing task demands. To investigate error-driven adjustments in cognitive control, we considered performance changes in posterror trials, when participants performed a visual search task requiring detection of angry, happy, or neutral facial expressions in crowds of faces. We hypothesized that the failure to detect a potential threat (angry face) would prompt a different posterror adjustment than the failure to detect a nonthreatening target (happy or neutral face). Indeed, in 3 sets of experiments, we found evidence of posterror speeding, in the first case, and of posterror slowing, in the second case. Previous results indicate that a threatening stimulus can improve the efficiency of visual search. The results of the present study show that a similar effect can also be observed when participants fail to detect a threat. The impact of threat-detection failure on cognitive control, as revealed by the present study, suggests that posterror adjustments should be understood as the product of domain-specific mechanisms that are strongly influenced by affective information, rather than as the effect of a general-purpose error-monitoring system.

Psychometric Evaluation of a Shortened Version of the 40-item Defense Style Questionnaire

The 40-item version of the Defense Style Questionnaire (DSQ-40) is a widely used self-report measure of defense mechanisms. A previous study, however, has suggested that 12 items out of 40 are lacking in face validity. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the psychometric properties of a shortened version of the DSQ-40, deleting the items with insufficient face validity (DSQ-28), in a non-clinical sample of university students. Exploratory factor analysis extracted a five-factor structure. The pattern of relationships for the five factors along with coping strategies assessed by the Ways of Coping Checklist, short version (WCCL), general psychopathological symptoms, evaluated by the Symptom Checklist 90-Revised (SCL-90 R), and personality disorder symptoms, explored through the Personality Diagnostic Questionnaire, Fourth Edition (PDQ-4), suggests that this 28 item-version of the DSQ may have better discriminant and criterion validity than the DSQ-40 (AU)

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The effects of mortality reminders on posttraumatic growth and finding benefits among patients with life-threatening illness and their caregivers.

Individuals confronted with a life-threatening illness often report posttraumatic growth (PTG) or finding benefits in disease. These positive evaluations of personal strength, perceptions of improved personal relations and new possibilities may represent a defensive response (cf Janus-face model). Three studies investigated the effects of mortality reminders on reports of PTG or benefit findings among people living with life-threatening illness or their caregivers. 80 people living with HIV (study 1), 164 breast cancer survivors (study 2) and 50 family caregivers for a patient with huntington disease (study 3) were randomly assigned to the experimental (mortality reminders) or control conditions. Across three studies, those exposed to mortality reminders reported lower PTG or benefit finding, compared to the controls. These effects were moderated by time elapsed since diagnosis: mortality reminders led to lower PTG/benefit finding among those who received the diagnosis more recently. The results provide an insight into the defensive character of PTG/finding benefits in illness and changes in the function of these beliefs over time elapsing since diagnosis.

The effects of culture and self-construal on responses to threatening health information.

OBJECTIVE: The current studies examined if cultural and self-construal differences in self-enhancement extended to defensive responses to health threats. DESIGN: Responses to fictitious medical diagnoses were compared between Asian-Americans and European-North Americans in experiment 1 and between Canadians primed with an interdependent versus an independent self-construal in experiment 3. In experiment 2, the responses of Chinese and Canadians who were either heavy or light soft drink consumers were assessed after reading an article linking soft drink consumption to insulin resistance. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: The primary-dependent measure reflected participants' defensiveness about threatening versus nonthreatening health information. RESULTS: In experiment 1, all participants responded more defensively to an unfavourable than a favourable diagnosis; however, Asian-Americans responded less defensively than did European-North Americans. In experiment 2, all high soft drink consumers were less convinced by the threatening information than were low soft drink consumers; however, among high consumers, Chinese changed their self-reported consumption levels less than did European-Canadians. In experiment 3, interdependence-primed participants responded less defensively to an unfavourable diagnosis than did independence-primed participants. CONCLUSION: Defensive reactions to threatening health information were found consistently; however, self-enhancement was more pronounced in individuals with Western cultural backgrounds or independent self-construals.

Acerca de los ideales de la mujer en la política / About the ego ideal of women in politics

Entre los objetivos específicos planteados dentro de la investigación ôEstudio de las erogeneidades y defensas desarrolladas por un grupo de mujeres políticas en el Ecuadorö, se encuentra el analizar los ideales por contenido y forma desplegados por un grupo de mujeres militantes y ex militantes políticas partiendo del análisis de sus discursos. El método utilizado para la investigación es el Algoritmo David Liberman en los niveles de análisis de palabras y relatos. Los ideales incluyen y expresan concepciones del tiempo, del espacio, de los grupos, es decir, cómo las personas, en este caso las mujeres, entienden una realidad en un determinado contexto, como ya lo propuso Freud en la Conferencia 35. Cada cosmovisión tiene una forma de representar un grupo, cada cosmovisión implica un proyecto, es decir, un tipo de ideal, un tipo de configuración del espacio-tiempo. (AU)

Acerca de los ideales de la mujer en la política / About the ego ideal of women in politics

Entre los objetivos específicos planteados dentro de la investigación “Estudio de las erogeneidades y defensas desarrolladas por un grupo de mujeres políticas en el Ecuador”, se encuentra el analizar los ideales por contenido y forma desplegados por un grupo de mujeres militantes y ex militantes políticas partiendo del análisis de sus discursos. El método utilizado para la investigación es el Algoritmo David Liberman en los niveles de análisis de palabras y relatos. Los ideales incluyen y expresan concepciones del tiempo, del espacio, de los grupos, es decir, cómo las personas, en este caso las mujeres, entienden una realidad en un determinado contexto, como ya lo propuso Freud en la Conferencia 35. Cada cosmovisión tiene una forma de representar un grupo, cada cosmovisión implica un proyecto, es decir, un tipo de ideal, un tipo de configuración del espacio-tiempo.